HEADING 90.18 - INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES USED IN MEDICAL SURGICAL DENTAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCES INCLUDING SCINTIGRAPHIC APPARATUS OTHER ELECTRO-MEDICAL APPARATUS AND SIGHT-TESTING INSTRUMENTS (+) .

578 COMMODITIES

- Electro-diagnostic apparatus (including apparatus for functional exploratory examination or for checking physiological parameters) :

9018.11- - Electro-cardiographs

9018.12- - Ultrasonic scanning apparatus

9018.13- - Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus

9018.14- - Scintigraphic apparatus

9018.19- - Other

9018.20- Ultra-violet or infra-red ray apparatus

- Syringes needles catheters cannulae and the like :

9018.31- - Syringes with or without needles

9018.32- - Tubular metal needles and needles for sutures

9018.39- - Other

- Other instruments and appliances used in dental

sciences :

9018.41- - Dental drill engines whether or not combined on a single base with other dental equipment

9018.49- - Other

9018.50- Other ophthalmic instruments and appliances

9018.90- Other instruments and appliances

This heading covers a very wide range of instruments and appliances which in the vast majority of cases are used only in professional practice (e.g. by doctors surgeons dentists veterinary surgeons midwives) either to make a diagnosis to prevent or treat an illness or to operate etc. Instruments and appliances for anatomical or autoptic work dissection etc. are also included as are under certain conditions instruments and appliances for dental laboratories (see Part (II) below). The instruments of the heading may be made of any material (including precious metals). The heading does not cover :

(a) Sterile catgut and other sterile material for surgical sutures sterile laminaria and sterile laminaria tents (heading 30.06).

(b) Hygienic or pharmaceutical articles of heading 40.14.

(c) Laboratory pharmaceutical or hygienic glassware of heading 70.17.

(d) Sanitary ware of base metal (in particular headings 73.24 74.18 and 76.15).

(e) Manicure or pedicure sets and instruments (heading 82.14).

(f) Invalid carriages (heading 87.13).

(g) Spectacles goggles and the like corrective protective or other (heading 90.04).

(h) Photographic cameras (heading 90.06) unless incorporated permanently in the instruments or appliances of this heading.

(ij)Microscopes etc. of heading 90.11 or 90.12.

(k) Mechano-therapy oxygen therapy ozone therapy artificial respiration aerosol therapy massage apparatus etc. of heading 90.19.

(l) Orthopaedic appliances artificial parts of the body and fracture appliances including those for animals (heading 90.21). (m) X-ray apparatus etc. (whether medical or not) of heading 90.22. (n) Clinical thermometers (heading 90.25). (o) Instruments and appliances used in laboratories to test blood tissue fluids urine etc. whether or not such tests serve in diagnosis (generally heading 90.27). (p) Medical or surgical furniture including that for veterinary use (operating tables examination tables hospital beds) dentists' chairs not incorporating dental appliances of this heading etc. (heading 94.02). On the other hand this heading includes specialised measuring instruments used exclusively in professional practice such as cephalometers dividers for measuring cerebral lesions obstetrical pelvimeters etc. It should also be noted that a number of the instruments used in medicine or surgery human or veterinary) are in effect tools (e.g. hammers mallets saws chisels gouges forceps pliers spatulae etc.) or articles of cutlery (scissors knives shears etc.). Such articles are classified in this heading only when they are clearly identifiable as being for medical or surgical use by reason of their special shape the ease with which they are dismantled for sterilisation their better quality manufacture the nature of the constituent metals or by their get-up (frequently packed in cases or boxes containing a set of instruments for a particular treatment : childbirth autopsies gynaecology eye or ear surgery veterinary cases for parturition etc.). The instruments and appliances classified here may be equipped with optical devices; they may also make use of electricity either as motive power or for transmission or as a preventive curative or diagnostic agent. This heading also covers instruments and appliances operated by laser or other light or photon beam processes and ultrasonic instruments and appliances.

(I) INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES  FOR HUMAN MEDICINE OR SURGERY

This group includes :

(A) Instruments which may be used under the same names for several purposes for example :

(1) Needles (for sutures ligatures vaccination blood tests hypodermic needles etc.).

(2) Lancets (for vaccination blood-letting etc.).

(3) Trocars (for puncturing) (gall-bladder general purpose etc. types).

(4) Surgical knives and scalpels of all kinds.

(5) Sounds (prostatic bladder urethral etc.).

(6) Specula (nasal mouth laryngeal rectal vaginal etc.).

(7) Mirrors and reflectors (for examination of eye larynx ear etc.).

(8) Scissors shears forceps pliers chisels gouges mallets hammers saws scrapers spatulae.

(9) Cannulae catheters suction tubes etc.

(10) Cauteries (thermo galvano micro etc.).

(11) Tweezers; dressing swab sponge or needle holders (including radium needle holders).

(12) Retractors (lip jaw abdominal tonsil liver etc.).

(13) Dilators (laryngeal urethral oesophageal uterine etc.).

(14) Clips (suture etc.).

(15) Syringes (glass metal glass and metal plastics etc.) of all kinds e.g. injection puncture anaesthesia irrigation wound washing suction (with or without pump) eye ear throat uterine gynaecological etc.

(B) Special diagnostic instruments and apparatus.

These include :

(1) Stethoscopes.

(2) Instruments to measure rate of breathing (to determine basal metabolism).

(3) Sphygmomanometers tensiometers and oscillometers (to measure blood pressure).

(4) Spirometers (to assess lung capacity).

(5) Cephalometers.

(6) Pelvimeters.

(C) Ophthalmic instruments. These fall into various categories :

(1) Surgical instruments such as corneal trephines keratomes.

(2) Diagnostic instruments such as ophthalmoscopes; binocular loupes with

head-bands and binocular-type microscopes consisting of a microscope an electric lamp with a slit and a head-rest the whole being mounted on an adjustable support for the examination of the eyes; tonometers (for testing the intra-ocular tension); eye specula.

(3) Orthoptic or sight-testing apparatus including amblyoscopes retinoscopes skiascopes strabometers keratometers keratoscopes trial- cases (of lenses) and trial-frames (for carrying the trial lenses) optometric scales test charts. However optometric scales and charts on paper paperboard or plastics used for colour perception tests are excluded (CHAPTER49).

This heading also covers electrically heated compresses for the eyes and electro-magnets designed for removing metallic particles from the eyes. (D) Ear instruments e.g. auriscopes. However tuning forks whether or not for medical use are excluded (heading 92.09).

(E) Anaesthetic apparatus and instruments (face masks face-piece harness intratracheal tubes etc.).

(F) Instruments for nose throat or tonsil treatment : clamps (for straightening the nasal cartilage); transillumination apparatus (for sinuses and nasal fossae); tonsilotomes and guillotines; direct laryngoscopes; laryngeal brushes etc. (G) Pharyngeal oesophageal stomach or tracheotomy instruments :

oesophagoscopes bronchoscopes stomach pumps intubation tubes etc.

(H) Urinary canal or bladder instruments : urethrotomes lithotrity instruments bladder-grit suction apparatus instruments for prostatectomy.

(IJ) Artificial kidney (dialysis) apparatus.

(K) Gynaecological or obstetrical instruments : vaginal retractors; hysterectomy instruments; obstetrical stethoscopes; specialised optical instruments for examination of the genital organs; forceps; perforators; embryotomy instruments (for dissection of the foetus); cephalotribes and cranioclasts (instruments to crush the head of a child which has died in the uterus); instruments for taking internal measurements; etc.

(L) Portable pneumo-thorax apparatus blood transfusion apparatus artificial leeches.

The heading also covers sterile hermetically sealed containers of plastics from which air has been evacuated but containing a small quantity of anti- coagulant and fitted with an integral donor tube and a phlebotomy needle used for the collection storage and transfusion of human whole blood. However special blood storage bottles of glass are excluded (heading 70.10).

(M) Chiropodists' electric grinders.

(N) Acupuncture needles - gold silver steel.

(O) Endoscopes : gastroscopes thoracoscopes peritoneoscopes bronchoscopic telescopes cystoscopes urethroscopes resectoscopes etc. However endoscopes for non-medical purposes are excluded (heading 90.13).

(P) Apparatus incorporating an automatic data processing machine and designed solely for calculating the dose and distribution of therapeutic radiation.

(II) DENTAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES

In addition to those common to this and the previous group (such as masks and other dental analgesic apparatus) the main instruments and appliances included in this category are :

(1) Surgeons' finger-guards (whether or not articulated) and gags; cheek or lip retractors tongue depressors and clips.

(2) Forceps of all kinds elevators tweezers of all kinds (to remove exposed teeth aligning pivot teeth etc.) cutters (for dissecting dressing filling and gouging etc.) root forceps.

(3) Instruments for nerve treatment (nerve broaches and other extractors nerve hooks nerve needles nerve seekers etc.).

(4) Bone scissors and files; gouges and mallets for resecting the jaw and the maxillary sinus; raspatories; scalpels; special knives and scissors; special dentists' tweezers; " excavators " and probes.

(5) Special instruments for cleaning gums and sockets; scalers for treating dental tartar; scrapers and enamel chisels.

(6) Miscellaneous probes; needles (abscess hypodermic suture cotton-wool etc.); cotton-wool holders and swab holders; insufflators; dental mirrors.

(7) Gold-filling instruments (stoppers mallets etc.); filling instruments (cement or resin spatulae amalgam stoppers and mallets amalgam-carriers etc.); impression compound trays.

(8) Dental burrs discs drills and brushes specially designed for use with a dental drill engine. The heading also covers tools and instruments of a kind used in prosthetic dentistry either by the practitioner himself or by a dental mechanic for example : knives; spatulae and other modelling tools; miscellaneous pliers and tweezers (for fixing clamps and crowns cutting pivots etc.); saws; shears; mallets; files; chisels; scrapers; burnishers; metal formers for the manufacture by beating of metal dental crowns. The heading does not however include tools or other articles of general use (furnaces moulds soldering tools melting ladles etc.); these are classified in their respective headings. The following also fall in this heading :

(i) Dental drill engines with swivel arm whether on a separate base for wall- mounting or for fitting to the equipment described under (ii) below.

(ii) Complete dental equipment on its base (stationary or mobile unit). The main usual features are a frame carrying a compressor a transformer a control panel and other electrical apparatus; the following are also often mounted on the unit : swivel arm drill spittoon and mouth rinser electric heater hot air insufflator spray cautery instrument tray diffused lighting shadowless lamp fan diathermic apparatus X-ray apparatus etc. Some types of this equipment are designed to operate by the use of abrasive materials (usually aluminium oxide) instead of with a drill; the abrasives are usually projected against the teeth by compressed gas (e.g. carbon dioxide).

(iii)Spittoon mouth rinsers whether on a base stand or on swivel arms. They are usually combined with warm water supply and warm water syringe.

(iv) Dentists' chairs incorporating dental equipment or any other dental appliances classifiable in this heading.The heading does not however include dentists' chairs not incorporating dental  appliances of this heading; these dentists' chairs fall in heading 94.02 whether or not fitted with equipment such as lightingfittings. It should however be noted that the heading excludes certain items of dental equipment mentioned in paragraph (ii) above when they are presented separately; these are classified in their own respective headings for example compressors (heading 84.14) X-ray etc. apparatus (heading 90.22). Heading 90.22 also covers X-ray etc. apparatus designed for a separate stand or for wall-mounting in dental surgeries. Separately presented diathermy apparatus is however classified with the electro-medical apparatus of this heading (see Part (IV) below). It should be noted that dental cements and other dental fillings fall in heading 30.06; the preparations known as " dental wax " or as " dental impression compounds " put up in sets in packings for retail sale or in plates horseshoe shapes sticks or similar forms and other preparations for use in dentistry with a basis of plaster (of calcined gypsum or calcium sulphate) fall in heading 34.07.

(III) VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES

This group includes a number of articles which though designed for veterinary use are similar to those of Part (I) or (II) above for example : (A) General purpose instruments (e.g. needles lancets trocars scalpels specula sounds scissors forceps hammers curettes retractors syringes).

(B) Special instruments and appliances such as ophthalmoscopes eye specula laryngoscopes stethoscopes forceps embryotomes.

(C) Dental instruments.

The group also includes instruments and apparatus specialised for veterinary use for example :

(1) Instruments and appliances for the udder e.g. teat dilators and puncturing sounds (to open the teats of cows); appliances for treating puerperal or milk fever in cows.

(2) Instruments and appliances for castration : emasculators; castrating clams and clamps (for producing atrophy of the male genital glands); castrating vices and forceps; ovariotomes etc.

(3) Instruments and appliances for parturition : specialised obstetrical cords straps head-collars forceps and hooks mechanical calfing aids etc.

(4) Miscellaneous instruments : artificial inseminators; tail-dockers; horn-cutters; sprays for treatment of diseases of respiratory digestive urinary genital etc. organs in animals; special control apparatus i.e. for preventing animals from moving during operations (mouth-gags hobbles etc.); special syringes for applying medicaments and syringes to be filled with an anaesthetic or a medicament (antiserum vaccine etc.) for remote projection at free-roaming animals for example by means of a gun or pistol operated by compressed gas; appliances for administering pills; special snaffles for ingesting drenches; hooks for sand-crack (to close cracks in hooves); endoscopic instruments for determining the sex of chicks etc.

The heading excludes trichinoscopes (optical instruments for examination of pork) (heading 90.11) orthopaedic appliances for animals (heading 90.21) operating tables for animals (heading 94.02 see correspo nding Explanatory Note). Tools of a type used equally by veterinary surgeons and blacksmiths are classified in CHAPTER82 (e.g. toeing files; nail or hoof clippers; paring knives; pliers; pincers; hammers etc.); CHAPTER82 also covers cattle-branding tools (punches irons for burning off hoof-rind etc.) and shearing tools.

(IV) ELECTRO-MEDICAL APPARATUS

This heading also covers electro-medical apparatus for preventive curative or diagnostic purposes other than X-ray etc. apparatus of heading 90.22. This groupincludes :

(1) Electro-diagnostic apparatus which include :

(i) Electro-cardiographs (apparatus which by means of currents produced by contractions of the cardiac muscle record heart movements as electrocardiograms).

(ii) Phonocardiographs (specially designed to register heart noises as phonocardiograms; they may also be used as electro-cardiographs).

(iii) Cardioscopes (used in conjunction with the two preceding instruments

to enable simultaneous observation of cardiograms and phonocardiograms).

(iv) Rheocardiographs (electrical apparatus for measuring changes of electrical resistance due to the functioning of the heart).

(v) Electroencephalographs (for examination of the brain).

(vi) Electrosphygmographs (for registering arterial pressure and volume).

(vii) Electrotonographs (for registering variations in arterial intravenous or intracardial pressure).

(viii) Electroretinographs (for measuring strain in the retina).

(ix) Audiometers and similar apparatus (for hearing tests based on frequency variations).

(x) Diagnostic apparatus incorporating or operating in conjunction

with an automatic data processing machine for processing and visualising clinical data etc.

(xi) Apparatus incorporating a scintillation counter whose data are converted into analogue signals for the purpose of making medical diagnoses (e.g. gamma camera scintillation scanner).

(xii) Ultrasonic diagnostic equipment used for the representation of organs e.g. on a display tube by means of ultrasonic waves.

(xiii) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) apparatus used to represent the characteristics of tissues and organs inside the human body using the magnetic properties of body atoms such as hydrogen atoms.

(2) Electrotherapy apparatus. Apart from its use in diagnosis this apparatus is employed to treat diseases such as neuritis neuralgia hemiplegia phlebitis endocrinal anaemia. Certain of these appliances can be combined with electrosurgical instruments referred to in paragraph (6) below.

(3) Iono-therapy apparatus used to administer active medicaments (sodium or lithium salicylate potassium iodide histamine etc.) through the skin by the aid of an electric current.

(4) Diathermy apparatus to treat certain diseases which require heat (e.g. rheumatism neuralgia dental ailments). These operate by the use of high- frequency (shortwave ultrasonic ultra shortwave etc.) currents and employ electrodes in a variety of forms (e.g. plates rings tubes).

(5) Electric shock treatment apparatus to treat mental or nervous diseases.

(6) Electro-surgical apparatus. These utilise high-frequency electric currents the needle probe etc. forming one of the electrodes. They can be employed to cut tissues (electrocutting) with a lancet (electric lancet) or to coagulate the blood (electrocoagulation). Certain combined instruments may by the use of control pedals be made to act interchangeably as electrocutters or electrocoagulators.

(7) Actinotherapy apparatus. These employ radiations within or more generally just outside the visible spectrum (infra-red ultra-violet) for treatment of certain diseases or for diagnostic purposes (special lighting to reveal skin diseases). This apparatus generally incorporates lamps though infra-red ray apparatus may be fitted with heating resistances or heating panels with reflectors.

(8) Artificial incubators for babies. Basically these consist of a transparent cubicle of plastics electrical heating equipment safety and warning devices and oxygen and air filtering and regulating apparatus. In most cases they are mounted on a trolley and have built-in baby scales. Cases containing electrodes or other devices for use with the apparatus described above are also included in this group.

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Subject to the provisions of Notes 1 and 2 to this Chapter (see the General Explanatory Note) parts and accessories of apparatus or appliances of this heading remain classified here.

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Subheading Explanatory Notes.

Subheading 9018.12

This subheading covers electro-diagnostic ultrasonic scanning apparatus. This apparatus operates by sending high-frequency sound waves into the human body through a transducer. The transducer is placed in contact with the body and alternately emits short pulses of ultrasound and " listens " for their echoes. The echoes result from the sound waves being reflected by the organs within the body and their characteristics are interpreted to yield information about the location size shape and texture of the tissues. Interpretation is generally carried out by an automatic data processing machine with the output being presented as a video image of the tissues. This method of body scanning is used for examining the foetuses of pregnant women. It is also well suited for the examination of the breasts heart liver and gall-bladder.

Subheading 9018.13

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) relies on the principle that the nuclei of hydrogen atoms will align when subjected to an intense magnetic field. If a radio frequency is then aimed at these atoms the alignment of the nuclei will shift. When the radio waves are turned off the nuclei realign themselves transmitting in the process a small electric signal. As the human body is primarily composed of hydrogen atoms an image of virtually any area of the body can be  generated from the returning pulses. Since the hydrogen represents water content the returning pulses can be used to make distinctions between tissues. This makes it possible to obtain an image  of bone-marrow and tissue. The electro-diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging apparatus of this subheading consists of a huge electro-magnet a radio-frequency generator and an automatic data processing machine for evaluation. It must be installed in a room completely shielded from external radio-frequencies. To obtain the intense magnetic field required the electro-magnets are supercooled by means of liquid helium.

Hydrogen was chosen as the basis for magnetic resonance imaging because of its abundance in the human body and its prominent magnetic characteristics. It is also possible to use other elements such as for example sodium or phosphorus.

Subheading 9018.14

The electro-diagnostic apparatus of this subheading is used to obtain an image of the distribution of gamma rays in the human body. This image is produced using suitable apparatus such as the scintigraphic scanner and above all the gamma camera. These nuclear scanners require giving the patient an oral dose or injection of a radioactive compound (the tracer) which is quickly absorbed by the organ being studied. The body is then scanned with a gamma counter which records the amount of radiation emitted by the tracer as it penetrates the target organ (for example the brain) in order to determine where the radio-isotope is absorbed.

A video picture is produced by automatic data processing machine analysis of the radiation detected. This picture is a patchwork of light and dark areas or contrasting colours which show where in the organ the radio-isotope was taken up. Such scans provide information about both the structure and the function of the organ concerned. An example of scintigraphic apparatus is the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner. It combines the principles of nuclear medicine with the imaging techniques used in the Computed Tomography (CT) scanner (see the Subheading Explanatory Note to subheading 9022.12).

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